Body clock (circadian rhythm)
A 24-hour timer in your brain, set mainly by light. It decides when you're sharp and when you're sleepy.
A small cluster of cells behind the eyes runs a roughly 24-hour cycle and tells the rest of the body what time it is: when to release cortisol, when to make melatonin, when to be hungry. Its main input is light hitting the eyes: morning light sets it earlier, late-evening light pushes it later. Evidence: solid
It drifts if you let it. Late nights, late mornings, screens in bed and no daylight all push it later, and then you're wide awake at midnight and dead at nine. Evidence: decent
Why it matters
A lot of sleep advice that works is clock advice: same wake time, morning light, no bright screens late. Evidence: decent Fix the clock and the rest gets easier.